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Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an empire in 1721, and established itself as one of the European great powers. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. [83] He was succeeded by Catherine I (1725–1727), followed by Peter II (1727–1730), and Anna. The reign of PeterI's daughter Elizabeth in 1741–1762 saw Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. [84] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [85] Construction of Kronschloss Medal, 1704". Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Coins and Medals Department. Islam is the second-largest religion in Russia, and is the traditional religion among the majority of the peoples of the North Caucasus, and among some Turkic peoples scattered along the Volga-Ural region. [476] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. [476] Many Russians practise other religions, including Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), [479] Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism), [480] other ethnic Paganisms, and inter-Pagan movements such as Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism, [481] various movements of Hinduism, [482] Siberian shamanism [483] and Tengrism, various Neo-Theosophical movements such as Roerichism, and other faiths. [484] [485] Some religious minorities have faced oppression and some have been banned in the country; [486] notably, in 2017 the Jehovah's Witnesses were outlawed in Russia, facing persecution ever since, after having been declared an "extremist" and "nontraditional" faith. [487] According to the Primary Chronicle, the word Rus' is derived from the Rus' people, who were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynastry came from. [20] The Finnish word for Swedes, ruotsi, has the same origin. [21]
Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. [421] Trofim Lysenko was known mainly for Lysenkoism. [422] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were émigrés. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. [423] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. [424] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. [425] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. [426] Space exploration Mir, Russian space station that operated in LEO When the Russian flag and the flags of the Russian federal subjects are flown at the same time, the national flag should be:
Москва - Moskva
Kathleen E. Smith: Mythmaking in the New Russia: Politics and Memory During the Yeltsin Era. Cornell University Press, 2002. p. 160 The flag of Moscow, in the Russian Federation, is a dark red banner of arms charged as the arms of the city in the centre. It displays Saint George wearing armor and a blue cape with a golden lance in his right hand riding on a silver horse. He is shown stabbing a zilant with the lance. The legend in which the flag came from originated in Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend.
Legislative: The bicameral Federal Assembly of Russia, made up of the 450-member State Duma and the 170-member Federation Council, [249] adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse and the power of impeachment of the president. [250] Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. [240] About half of Russia's territory is forested, [10] and it has the world's largest area of forest, [241] which sequester some of the world's highest amounts of carbon dioxide. [241] [242] Crimea, which was annexed by Russia in 2014, remains internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. [1] Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, which were annexed—though are only partially occupied—in 2022, also remain internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost Kuril Islands have been the subject of a territorial dispute with Japan since their occupation by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. [2] In the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, there is an image of the banner of Ivan the Terrible in the Kazan campaign – a bifurcated white one with the image of the Saviour and an eight-pointed cross above it. According to other sources, the banner was red instead of white. A copy of this banner, which has been restored many times, is still kept in the Kremlin Armoury.See also: Moscow, third Rome Ivan IV was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then Tsar of Russia until his death in 1584. Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine (2010) [Album des pavillons: pavillons et marques distinctives]. Альбом национальных флагов (Edition 2000 - Correction n°5 - 2010ed.). Marselle, France: Librairie Maritime Outremer. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Russia)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023. Football is the most popular sport in Russia. [637] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960, [638] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. [639] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. [640] [641] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. [642] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, [643] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [644] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [645] Main articles: Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Dissolution of the Russian Empire Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and the Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
Obolensky, Dimitri (1994). Byzantium and the Slavs. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p.17. ISBN 9780881410082. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [159] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 crewed spacecraft on 12 April 1961. [160] Period of developed socialism or Era of Stagnation Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on research and development in 2019, with the world's tenth-highest budget. [406] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. [407] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. [408] Russia ranked 51st in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 45th in 2021. [409] [410]
'Symbol of solidarity'
Nieuwe Hollandse scheeps-bouw, waar in vertoond word een volmaakt schip, met alle des zelfs uitterlyke deelen ... Benevens de afbeeldingen van alle de voornaamste vlaggen ... Carel Allard". Allard, Carel. 1695. In 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia raised the banner of Dmitry Pozharsky, it was crimson in colour with the image of the Lord Almighty on one side and the archangel Michael on the other. Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces, and appoints the Government of Russia (Cabinet) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. [248] The president may issue decrees of unlimited scope, so long as they do not contradict the constitution or federal law. [251]
Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe); [10] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). [223] [224] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. [225] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. [226] During the Second World War, the white-blue-red tricolour was used by German collaborators, most of whom were from groups targeted by the repressions of the Stalin era, including anti-communist Christians and the remnants of the Kulaks, who generally regarded the German invasion as a liberation of Russia from communism. [28] [29] The Russian Liberation Army under the leadership of Andrey Vlasov used the tricolour during a military flag. [30] [31] The album of national flags, published by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy (France), gives the following shades of colours of the flag of Russia in Pantone: [45] SchemeFurther information: Economic history of the Russian Federation and Taxation in Russia The Moscow International Business Centre in Moscow. The city has one of the world's largest urban economies. [349] Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881), one of the great novelists of all time, whose masterpieces include Crime and Punishment [573] Main article: Religion in Russia Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow is the most iconic religious architecture of Russia. Uiterst links een jacht met de Russische vlag en tsaar Peter de Grote aan boord, gekleed in het rood (Слева – яхта под флагом России с царём Петром I на борту, одетым в красное). Het Spiegelgevecht op het IJ ter ere van het Moskovisch gezantschap (1 September 1697), 1697–1700 Warren, Matthew (22 August 2018). "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid". Nature. 560 (7719): 417–418. Bibcode: 2018Natur.560..417W. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-06004-0. PMID 30135540.
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